String literal

 

C++

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C++ language

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Expressions

General

value categories (lvalue, rvalue, xvalue)

order of evaluation (sequence points)

constant expressions

unevaluated expressions

primary expressions

lambda-expression(C++11)

Literals

integer literals

floating-point literals

boolean literals

character literals including escape sequences

string literals

null pointer literal(C++11)

user-defined literal(C++11)

Operators

Assignment operators: a=b, a+=b, a-=b, a*=b, a/=b, a%=b, a&=b, a|=b, a^=b, a<<=b, a>>=b

Increment and decrement: ++a, --a, a++, a--

Arithmetic operators: +a, -a, a+b, a-b, a*b, a/b, a%b, ~a, a&b, a|b, a^b, a<<b, a>>b

Logical operators: a||b, a&&b, !a

Comparison operators: a==b, a!=b, a<b, a>b, a<=b, a>=b, a<=>b(C++20)

Member access operators: a[b], *a, &a, a->b, a.b, a->*b, a.*b

Other operators: a(...), a,b, a?b:c

new-expression

delete-expression

throw-expression

alignof

sizeof

sizeof...(C++11)

typeid

noexcept(C++11)

Fold expression(C++17)

Alternative representations of operators

Precedence and associativity

Operator overloading

Default comparisons(C++20)

Conversions

Implicit conversions

const_cast

static_cast

reinterpret_cast

dynamic_cast

Explicit conversions (T)a, T(a)

User-defined conversion

 

Syntax

"s-char-sequence(optional)"	(1)
L"s-char-sequence(optional)"	(2)
u8"s-char-sequence(optional)"	(3)	(since C++11)
u"s-char-sequence(optional)"	(4)	(since C++11)
U"s-char-sequence(optional)"	(5)	(since C++11)
prefix(optional) R"d-char-sequence(optional) (r-char-sequence(optional))d-char-sequence(optional)"	(6)	(since C++11)

Explanation

s-char-sequence	-	A sequence of one or more s-chars
s-char	-	One of a basic-s-char an escape sequence, as defined in escape sequences a universal character name, as defined in escape sequences
basic-s-char	-	A character from the source character set (until C++23)translation character set (since C++23), except the double-quote ", backslash \, or new-line character
prefix	-	One of L, u8, u, U
d-char-sequence	-	A sequence of one or more d-chars, at most 16 characters long
d-char	-	A character from the basic source character set (until C++23)basic character set (since C++23), except parentheses, backslash and spaces
r-char-sequence	-	A sequence of one or more r-chars, except that it must not contain the closing sequence )d-char-sequence"
r-char	-	A character from the source character set (until C++23)translation character set (since C++23)

1) Ordinary string literal. The type of an unprefixed string literal is const char[N], where N is the size of the string in code units of the execution narrow encoding (until C++23)ordinary literal encoding (since C++23), including the null terminator.

2) Wide string literal. The type of a L"..." string literal is const wchar_t[N], where N is the size of the string in code units of the execution wide encoding (until C++23)wide literal encoding (since C++23), including the null terminator.

3) UTF-8 string literal. The type of a u8"..." string literal is const char[N] (until C++20)const char8_t[N] (since C++20), where N is the size of the string in UTF-8 code units including the null terminator.

4) UTF-16 string literal. The type of a u"..." string literal is const char16_t[N], where N is the size of the string in UTF-16 code units including the null terminator.

5) UTF-32 string literal. The type of a U"..." string literal is const char32_t[N], where N is the size of the string in UTF-32 code units including the null terminator.

6) Raw string literal. Used to avoid escaping of any character. Anything between the delimiters becomes part of the string. prefix, if present, has the same meaning as described above. The terminating d-char-sequence is the same sequence of characters as the initial d-char-sequence.

Each s-char (originally from non-raw string literals) or r-char (originally from raw string literals) (since C++11) initializes the corresponding element(s) in the string literal object. An s-char or r-char (since C++11) corresponds to more than one element if and only if it is represented by a sequence of more than one code units in the string literal's associated character encoding.

If a character lacks representation in the associated character encoding, if the string literal is an ordinary string literal or wide string literal, it is conditionally-supported and an implementation-defined code unit sequence is encoded; otherwise (the string literal is UTF-encoded), the string literal is ill-formed.

(since C++23)

Each numeric escape sequence corresponds to a single element. If the value specified by the escape sequence fits within the unsigned version of the element type, the element has the specified value (possibly after conversion to the element type); otherwise (the specified value is out of range), the string literal is ill-formed. (since C++23)

Concatenation

String literals placed side-by-side are concatenated at translation phase 6 (after the preprocessor). That is, "Hello,"  " world!" yields the (single) string "Hello, world!". If the two strings have the same encoding prefix (or neither has one), the resulting string will have the same encoding prefix (or no prefix).

If one of the strings has an encoding prefix and the other doesn't, the one that doesn't will be considered to have the same encoding prefix as the other. L"Δx = %" PRId16 // at phase 4, PRId16 expands to "d" // at phase 6, L"Δx = %" and "d" form L"Δx = %d" If a UTF-8 string literal and a wide string literal are side by side, the program is ill-formed.

(since C++11)

Any other combination of encoding prefixes may or may not be supported by the implementation. The result of such a concatenation is implementation-defined.	(since C++11) (until C++23)
Any other combination of encoding prefixes is ill-formed.	(since C++23)

Notes

The null character ('\0', L'\0', char16_t(), etc) is always appended to the string literal: thus, a string literal "Hello" is a const char[6] holding the characters 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', and '\0'.

The encoding of ordinary string literals (1) and wide string literals (2) is implementation-defined. For example, gcc selects them with the command line options -fexec-charset and -fwide-exec-charset.

String literals have static storage duration, and thus exist in memory for the life of the program.

String literals can be used to initialize character arrays. If an array is initialized like char str[] = "foo";, str will contain a copy of the string "foo".

Whether string literals can overlap and whether successive evaluations of a string-literal yield the same object is unspecified. That means that identical string literals may or may not compare equal when compared by pointer.

bool b = "bar" == 3+"foobar" // could be true or false, implementation-defined

Attempting to modify a string literal results in undefined behavior: they may be stored in read-only storage (such as .rodata) or combined with other string literals:

const char* pc = "Hello";
char* p = const_cast<char*>(pc);
p[0] = 'M'; // undefined behavior

String literals are convertible and assignable to non-const char* or wchar_t* in order to be compatible with C, where string literals are of types char[N] and wchar_t[N]. Such implicit conversion is deprecated.	(until C++11)
String literals are not convertible or assignable to non-const CharT*. An explicit cast (e.g. const_cast) must be used if such conversion is wanted.	(since C++11)

A string literal is not necessarily a null-terminated character sequence: if a string literal has embedded null characters, it represents an array which contains more than one string.

const char* p = "abc\0def"; // std::strlen(p) == 3, but the array has size 8

If a valid hex digit follows a hex escape in a string literal, it would fail to compile as an invalid escape sequence. String concatenation can be used as a workaround:

//const char* p = "\xfff"; // error: hex escape sequence out of range
const char* p = "\xff""f"; // OK: the literal is const char[3] holding {'\xff','f','\0'}

Although mixed wide string literal concatenation is allowed in C++11, all known C++ compilers reject such concatenation, and its usage experience is unknown. As a result, allowance of mixed wide string literal concatenation is removed in C++23.

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
 
char array1[] = "Foo" "bar";
// same as
char array2[] = { 'F', 'o', 'o', 'b', 'a', 'r', '\0' };
 
const char* s1 = R"foo(
Hello
  World
)foo";
// same as
const char* s2 = "\nHello\n  World\n";
// same as
const char* s3 = "\n"
                 "Hello\n"
                 "  World\n";
 
const wchar_t* s4 = L"ABC" L"DEF"; // ok, same as
const wchar_t* s5 = L"ABCDEF";
const char32_t* s6 = U"GHI" "JKL"; // ok, same as
const char32_t* s7 = U"GHIJKL";
const char16_t* s9 = "MN" u"OP" "QR"; // ok, same as
const char16_t* sA = u"MNOPQR";
 
// const auto* sB = u"Mixed" U"Types";
        // before C++23 may or may not be supported by
        // the implementation; ill-formed since C++23
 
const wchar_t* sC = LR"--(STUV)--"; // ok, raw string literal
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << array1 << ' ' << array2 << '\n'
              << s1 << s2 << s3 << std::endl;
    std::wcout << s4 << ' ' << s5 << ' ' << sC
               << std::endl;
}

Output:

Foobar Foobar
 
Hello
  World
 
Hello
  World
 
Hello
  World
 
ABCDEF ABCDEF STUV

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 1823	C++98	whether string literals are distinct is implementation-defined	distinctness is unspecified, and same string literal can yield different object

See also

user-defined literals(C++11)

literals with user-defined suffix